Objective(s): To validate Persian version of the FSFI and to determine its diagnostic cut off score. Methods: This was a descriptive analytic study. To fill in the Persian version of the FSFI. In addition clinical interviews were carried out by a psychiatrist on DSM-4 criteria. Women divided in two age and educational matched groups: the control group (n=28) who have not Sexual dysfunction and the case group (n=53) who have Sexual dysfunction. Data were analyzed by Cronbach’s alpha and validity was assessed by comparing mean scores of two groups. Optimal cut off score determined by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: The findings showed satisfactory results for full scale and each subscale with Cronbach’s alpha ranging from 0.66 or above for Sexually dysfunctional sample and 0.70 or above for Sexually active sample. Discriminant validity confirmed the ability of both total and domain scores to differentiate between active and inactive women. On the basis of sensitivity and specificity analyses we found that the optimal cut off score was found to be 28 for differentiating women with and without Sexual dysfunction. Conclusion: The findings showed that the Iranian version of Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring Sexual function in women.

In the process of UN peacekeeping operations and in the process of conducting peacekeeping missions in war and occupied territories; Crimes may be committed against women that require prosecution. On the other hand, it should be noted that women and children are exposed to victims, including Sexual victims, due to their poor physical condition. According to numerous reports to the United Nations through female victims and sex victims, UN peacekeeping forces appear to be a new and serious threat to women and even to war. Children in areas of the host State are considered. Therefore, in this article and through the descriptive-analytical method, we seek to answer this key question: What challenges and obstacles does the prosecution and punishment of UN peacekeepers for committing Crimes of Sexual violence against women during peacekeeping operations face? The findings of this article show that according to Article 7 of the Rome Statute, the possibility of applying the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court to the Crime of Sexual violence against women by UN peacekeepers faces major challenges and obstacles. In fact, the distinction of the present research compared to other related researches is the exploration, finding and detailed analysis of the current capacities of the international legal system for the prosecution and trial of the mentioned criminals.

Background and Aim: Today, Sexual Crimes, particularly severe and complex forms such as rape, constitute a significant part of the legal systems in various countries. The primary objective of this study is to identify and prioritize the most influential factors contributing to the prolongation of legal proceedings and the failure to achieve just outcomes in the phase of proving violence in Sexual Crimes. These factors are recognized as significant challenges in the Crime detection process.Method: This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature, with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, and the sample included 55 individuals comprising plaintiffs, judges, and law enforcement officers who were directly or indirectly related to the research topic. The validity of the interview outputs was confirmed based on content validity, utilizing the opinions of professors and experts in the field. To assess the reliability of the research, the data extracted from the interviews were analyzed using a three-stage reduction method (open, axial, and selective coding). The statistical tests in this research were descriptive and conducted using SPSS software. The analyses of the selective coding section were presented interpretively in the findings.Findings: Six major challenges in proving violence in Sexual Crimes were identified. After coding and prioritization, the challenge of interpreting the victim's consent emerged as the most significant. Addressing these six challenges would have a substantial impact on the scientific and rapid detection of Sexual Crimes involving violence.Conclusion: The identified challenges significantly contribute to ambiguity and the multiplicity of methods for inferring the presence of violence in Sexual Crimes during the investigation phase. To address these challenges, it is recommended that specific legislation be enacted to combat Sexual Crimes, continuous training workshops be organized for law enforcement officers, specialized police units be established, unified judicial precedents be issued by the judicial system, and candid awareness-raising programs be implemented for at-risk individuals.

One of the Crimes that has slowly taken on a global form is environmental Crime, and international organizations are working to bring nations together to tackle Crimes against transnational environmentalism by formulating a global consensus and by enacting laws between them.-Internationals are trying to protect the environment. In the future, environmental resources will bring about war and violence between nations. Because environmental Crime focuses on Crimes and damages to the environment and animals, it also includes sustainability and climate change. The concept of transnational Crime therefore encompasses at least two different conceptual considerations. First, Crime must involve the movement of people, objects, or decisions across borders. Second, the injury must be recognized internationally as a Crime. This study utilized documentary and library method and data analysis was qualitative and based on researcher inference from sources and texts. The environment and the future of work are two of the biggest challenges facing the world today, and one cannot be tackled without the other. Because environmental degradation can act as a cause or an accelerating factor in violent conflict. This paper attempts to examine the dimensions of environmental Crime that limit the outcome of the conflict to address its specific causes.

2Investigating the influencing factors on the performance and Sexual satisfaction of hysterectomized women of reproductive age in Yasouj city in 2020-2022 Introduction: Sexual dysfunction after hysterectomy is a common problem that occurs in most women after the operation. Hysterectomy is the most common surgical procedure for women and Sexual dysfunction also has a high prevalence, and it seems necessary to investigate the complications of this type of operation in Iran. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine Sexual performance and Sexual satisfaction in hysterectomized women of reproductive age who referred to Shahid Muftah Clinic in Yasuj city in 2020-2022. Methodology: This is a descriptive-analytical study and the number of samples of 66 hysterectomized women of reproductive age who referred to Shahid Muftah Clinic was conducted through available sampling method and the questionnaires were administered during two periods of three months and six months after the operation. was filled The data collection tools included the questionnaire of demographic characteristics-demographic variables, the Sexual performance questionnaire (FSFI) and the questionnaire related to Sexual satisfaction. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS-25 software using descriptive statistics (prevalence-mean and percentage) and inferential statistics (chi-square and Pearson's correlation coefficient). Findings: In this study, 66 women of reproductive age (15-45) who underwent hysterectomy were examined. The average age of the participants was 3.62 ± 41.77, the age of marriage was 5.79 ± 18.42, the number of children was 1.22 ± 2.88, and the age of the spouses was 5.62 ± 47.09. 46 people (69.69%) had TAH hysterectomy surgery, 12 people (18.17%) had TVH surgery, and 8 people (6.1%) had supracervical surgery, which has a statistically significant difference between the types of hysterectomy surgery with Sexual function (P=0.045). and Sexual satisfaction (p=0.043) was found so that there was less performance and Sexual satisfaction in abdominal hysterectomy. In addition, the number of 44 women, ovaries (one-sided or two-sided) were preserved during the operation and this had an effect on the behavior and emotions in Sexual satisfaction (PISQ), libido and dysparonia in Sexual performance P=0.0135, the most common cause of hysterectomies Abnormal bleeding (AUB) (40.9%) and caesarean section (18.2%) and then fibroma (16.7%) were respectively included. There was no significant difference between the education of the wife and the husband, the type of employment, the type of housing, and the Sexual satisfaction of the patients. Conclusion : Based on the results of this research, the amount of income, the type of surgery and the skill of the doctor in the operation with/without removal of the ovaries (unilateral or bilateral) had a direct effect on the performance and Sexual satisfaction of women of reproductive age, and there was a difference between the age of the wife, the place of residence, the education of the man and There was no statistically significant relationship between job satisfaction and Sexual performance. In this study, it has been tried to identify the factors affecting Sexual issues after hysterectomy, so that a solution can be found to moderate this disorder and increase the quality of married life of these people after the operation.  Keywords: hysterectomy, reproductive age, Sexual satisfaction, Sexual function

Computers might be used in Crimes. They may also contain some evidences which prove a Crime or be used in committing Crimes. Therefore, these electronic equipments include valuable evidences for Crime detection. In this article it is attempted to realize the importance of dealing with these kind of evidences without any major damage to them and how to answer the law enforcement officers in this regard.

The criminalization or non-criminalization of political activities shows the approach of the political system and the government in dealing with adversity and political criticism towards itself. Systematic and comprehensive analysis of Iran's legal system shows that the field of citizens' activities sometimes fluctuates towards "freedom" and "Crime" and that is two "political" or "security" Crimes, and this main issue emerges. It determines when the citizen's freedom is bound to the field of "Crime" and basically gets a political and security description. In the meantime, what seems to be the main question of this research and the challenge of Iran's judicial system is what is the correct criterion for distinguishing political Crime from security Crime, so that in the light of it, the ambiguity and inadequacy in the field of distinguishing political Crime from security Crime can be resolved. Therefore, the present article, with a descriptiveanalytical approach, while examining the political Crime cases and paying attention to the documents as well as the legal aspects, examines how the Iranian criminal system deals with them and even if possible, presents a fair criticism. The result is that, although the quality of the Crime seems to be a suitable indicator for differentiating political Crime from security Crime, but the totality of subjective criteria, mental, and public opinion can be considered as "accumulation of suspicion".

Sexual violence specially against hundreds of thousands of the women and children throughout the world is a bitter fact. The Sexual violence is often used as a war tactic to destroy the national pride and dignity during the history that affects not only victim but also his society which leads to destruction of their culture and identity. The Sexual violence is a term wider than rape, covers different cases and has been considered in the international treaties related to armed conflicts as well as judgments of the International Criminal Tribunals like former Yugoslavia and Rwanda Tribunals during a process as an international Crime which has several criminal subjects.

In the domestic criminology literature, at least two terms have been used for Crimes committed by the power structure: State Crime and Governmental Crime, both of which are referred to as the equivalent of the Latin term "State Crime". Although in appearance it can be considered as a broad concept of government, the two terms mentioned are considered compatible with each other However, the existence of objective and practical effects such as the possibility of separating these two concepts from similar concepts, differences in type and the nature of responding to the Crimes committed against them and the difference in the reference for responding to these Crimes, and determining the responsibility (including political, administrative and legal), etc., distinguishing between these two concepts and determining the limits and limits of these two concepts Makes it necessary. In the present article, with the analytical-descriptive method and the use of library resources, and with reference to internal and external Crime texts in the field of State Crimes, as well as by reviewing domestic legal documents, it has been concluded that the use of the term "State Crime" is more correct for the Latin term, both in terms of scientific and practical works and in terms of compliance with domestic legal texts.

According to the pre-Revolution laws, to realize participation in a Crime, the participation or involvement of two (or more) persons in executing acts constituting a Crime was sufficient. After the Revolution, however, such Crimes should depend on acts carried out by all of them. [The rule of] dependence may restrict cases of participation in that one who has played a role in aiding and abetting the Crime is not a partner in Crime, since the Crime does not depend on him. But, does dependence increase cases of participation? In other words, may one who has played no role in aiding and abetting a Crime be regarded as a partner in Crime since the Crime depends on him?The author is of the opinion that although, according to the existing laws, the reply is negative, for all Crimes, according to the juridical (fiqhi) and legal rules, this particular condition of Crimes requires hadd (punishment), qisas (retaliation), or diyah (blood-money). Thus, in preventive punishments (in certain cases such as when the Crime committed is an organized one or it is committed by a gang), the legislator can regard those who have not performed executive operations of the Crime as partners in Crime, and in this way, he may hinder their abuses.